Scheduling of grid tied battery energy storage system participating in frequency response services and energy arbitrage

Battery energy storage systems (BESS) are widely used to smooth power fluctuations and maintain the voltage and frequency of the power feeder at a desired level. T he National Grid Electricity Transmission (NGET), the primary electricity transmission network operator in the UK, has introduced various frequency response servic es that are designed to provide a real - time response to deviations in the grid frequency. In this study , a control algorithm is developed which generates a charge/discharge power output with respect to deviations in the grid frequency and the requisite service specifications. Using historical UK electricity prices, a new balancing service scheduling approach has also been developed to maximize energy arbitrage revenue by layering different types of balancing services throughout the day . Simulation result s show that the proposed algorithm delivers both dynamic and non - dynamic firm frequency response (FFR) and also enhanced frequency response (EFR) to NGET specifications while generating arbitrage revenue as well as service availability payment s in the balancing market. A comparative study is also presented to compare the yearly arbitrage revenue obtained from the work presented in this paper and a previous reference study . Finall y, exper imental results of a grid - tied 2MW /1MWh BESS have been used for verification purposes

Estimating State-Contingent Production Frontiers

Chambers and Quiggin (2000) use state-contingent representations of risky production technologies to establish important theoretical results concerning producer behavior under uncertainty. Unfortunately, perceived problems in the estimation of state-contingent models have limited the usefulness of the approach in policy formulation. We show that fixed and random effects state-contingent production frontiers can be conveniently estimated in a finite mixtures framework. An empirical example is provided. Compared to conventional estimation approaches, we find that estimating production frontiers in a state-contingent framework produces significantly different estimates of elasticities, firm technical efficiencies, and other quantities of economic interest. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.